Kaddish (קדיש, Qaddish Aramaic: "holy"; alternate spellings, qaddish, ḳaddish) is a prayer found in the Jewish prayer service. The central theme of the Kaddish is the magnification and sanctification of God's name. In the liturgy different versions of the Kaddish are used functionally as separators between sections of the service. The term "Kaddish" is often used to refer specifically to "The Mourners' Kaddish", said as part of the mourning rituals in Judaism in all prayer services as well as at funerals and memorials. When mention is made of "saying Kaddish", this unambiguously denotes the rituals of mourning.
The opening words of this prayer are inspired by Ezekiel 38:23, a vision of God becoming great in the eyes of all the nations. The central line of the Kaddish in Jewish tradition is the congregation's response: יְהֵא שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא מְבָרַךְ לְעָלַם וּלְעָלְמֵי עָלְמַיָּא (Yehei shmëh rabba mevarakh lealam ulalmey almaya, "May His great name be blessed for ever, and to all eternity"), a public declaration of God's greatness and eternality.[1] This response is an Aramaic translation of the Hebrew "ברוך שם כבוד מלכותו לעולם ועד" (Blessed be His name, whose glorious kingdom is forever), which is to be found in the Jerusalem Targum (יְהֵא שְׁמֵיהּ רַבָּא מְבָרֵךְ לְעָלְמֵי עַלְמִין) (Genesis 49:2 and Deuteronomy 6:4, and is similar to the wording of Daniel 2:20.
The Mourner's, Rabbis' and Complete Kaddish end with a supplication for peace ("Oseh Shalom..."), which is in Hebrew, and comes from the Bible Job 25:2.
Along with the Shema and Amidah, the Kaddish is one of the most important and central prayers in the Jewish liturgy.
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"The Kaddish is in origin a closing doxology to an Aggadic discourse".[2] Most of it is written in Aramaic, which, at the time of its original composition, was the lingua franca of the Jewish people. It is not composed in the vernacular Aramaic, however, but rather in a "literary, jargon Aramaic" that was used in the academies, and is identical to the dialect of the Targum.[2]
Kaddish was not originally said by mourners, but rather by the rabbis when they finished giving sermons on Sabbath afternoons and later, when they finished studying a section of midrash or aggadah. This practice developed in Babylonia where most people understood only Aramaic and sermons were given in Aramaic so Kaddish was said in the vernacular. This is why it is currently said in Aramaic. This "Rabbinical Kaddish" (Kaddish d'Rabbanan) is still said after studying midrash or aggadah or after reading them as part of the service. It differs from the regular Kaddish because of its inclusion of a prayer for rabbis, scholars and their disciples. While anyone may say this Kaddish, it has become the custom for mourners to say the Rabbinical Kaddish in addition to the Mourner's Kaddish.[1]
The oldest version of the Kaddish is found in the Siddur of Rab Amram Gaon, c. 900. Shira Schoenberg observes that "The first mention of mourners saying Kaddish at the end of the service is in a thirteenth century halakhic writing called the Or Zarua. The Kaddish at the end of the service became designated as Kaddish Yatom or Mourners' Kaddish (literally, "Orphan's Kaddish")".[1]
The Lord's Prayer in Christianity has its roots in the Jewish liturgy and it shares themes with Kaddish ("Our Father, who art in heaven, Hallowed be thy Name").
The various versions of the Kaddish are:
All versions of the Kaddish begin with the Hatzi Kaddish (there are some extra passages in the Kaddish after a burial). The longer versions contain additional paragraphs, and are often named after distinctive words in those paragraphs.
The Half Kaddish is used to punctuate divisions within the service: for example, before Barekhu, between the Shema and the Amidah and following readings from the Torah. The Kaddish d'Rabbanan is used after any part of the service that includes extracts from the Mishnah or the Talmud, as its original purpose was to close a study session. Kaddish Titkabbal originally marked the end of the service, though at later times extra passages and hymns were added to after it.
The Jewish Encyclopedia's article on Kaddish mentions an additional type of Kaddish, called "Kaddish Yahid", or "Individual's Kaddish".[1] This is included in the Siddur of Amram Gaon, but is a meditation taking the place of Kaddish rather than a Kaddish in the normal sense.
The following includes the half, complete, mourners' and rabbis' kaddish. The variant lines of the burial kaddish are given below.
| # | English translation | Transliteration | Aramaic / Hebrew |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | May His great name be exalted and sanctifiedb is God's great name.a | Yitgaddal veyitqaddash shmeh rabba | יִתְגַּדַּל וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא. |
| 2 | in the world which He created according to His will! | Beʻalma di vra khir'uteh | בְּעָלְמָא דִּי בְרָא כִרְעוּתֵהּ |
| 3 | May He establish His kingdom | veyamlikh malkhuteh | וְיַמְלִיךְ מַלְכוּתֵהּ |
| 4 | and may His salvation blossom and His anointed be near.ad | [veyatzmaḥ purqaneh viqarev (qetz) meshiḥeh] | וְיַצְמַח פֻּרְקָנֵהּ וִיקָרֵב(קיץ) מְשִׁיחֵהּ |
| 5 | during your lifetime and during your days | beḥayekhon uvyomekhon | בְּחַיֵּיכוֹן וּבְיוֹמֵיכוֹן |
| 6 | and during the lifetimes of all the House of Israel, | uvḥaye dekhol bet yisrael | וּבְחַיֵּי דְכָל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל |
| 7 | speedily and very soon! And say, Amen.a | beʻagala uvizman qariv veʼimru amen | בַּעֲגָלָא וּבִזְמַן קָרִיב. וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן |
| The next two lines are recited by the congregation and then the leader: | |||
| 8 | May His great name be blessed | yehe shmeh rabba mevarakh | יְהֵא שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא מְבָרַךְ |
| 9 | for ever, and to all eternity! | leʻalam ulʻalme ʻalmaya | לְעָלַם וּלְעָלְמֵי עָלְמַיָּא |
| 10 | Blessed and praised, glorified and exalted, | Yitbarakh veyishtabbaḥ veyitpaar veyitromam | יִתְבָּרַךְ וְיִשְׁתַּבַּח וְיִתְפָּאַר וְיִתְרוֹמַם |
| 11 | extolled and honoured, adored and lauded | veyitnasse veyithaddar veyitʻalleh veyithallal | וְיִתְנַשֵּׂא וְיִתְהַדָּר וְיִתְעַלֶּה וְיִתְהַלָּל |
| 12 | be the name of the Holy One, blessed be He,a | shmeh dequdsha, brikh hu. | שְׁמֵהּ דְקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא. |
| 13 | above and beyond all the blessings, | leʻella (lʻella mikkol) min kol birkhata | לְעֵלָּא (לְעֵלָּא מִכָּל) מִן כָּל בִּרְכָתָא |
| 14 | hymns, praises and consolations | veshirata tushbeḥata veneḥemata | וְשִׁירָתָא תֻּשְׁבְּחָתָא וְנֶחֱמָתָא |
| 15 | that are uttered in the world! And say, Amen.a | daamiran beʻalma veʼimru amen | דַּאֲמִירָן בְּעָלְמָא. וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן |
| The half kaddish ends here. | |||
| Here the "complete kaddish" includes: | |||
| 16 | eMay the prayers and supplications | Titqabbal tzlothon uvaʻut'hon | תִּתְקַבל צְלוֹתְהוֹן וּבָעוּתְהוֹן |
| 17 | of all Israel | d'khol bet yisrael | דְכָל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל |
| 18 | be accepted by their Father who is in Heaven; And say, Amen.a | qodam avuhon di bishmayya, vʼimru amen | קֳדָם אֲבוּהוֹן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן |
| Here the "kaddish of the rabbis" includes: | |||
| 19 | To Israel, to the Rabbis and their disciples | ʻal yisrael veʻal rabbanan veʻal talmidehon | עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְעַל רַבָּנָן וְעַל תַּלְמִידֵיהוֹן |
| 20 | to the disciples of their disciples, | v'ʻal kol talmidey talmidehon | וְעַל כָּל תַּלְמִידֵי תַלְמִידֵיהוֹן. |
| 21 | and to all those who engage in the study of the Torah | veʻal kol man deʻos'qin b'orayta | וְעַל כָּל מָאן דְּעָסְקִין בְּאוֹרַיְתָא. |
| 22 | in this [holy]z place or in any other place, | di b'atra [qadisha] haden vedi bekhol atar v'atar | דִּי בְאַתְרָא [קַדִישָא] הָדֵין וְדִי בְּכָל אֲתַר וַאֲתַר. |
| 23 | may there come abundant peace, | y'he lehon ul'khon sh'lama rabba | יְהֵא לְהוֹן וּלְכוֹן שְׁלָמָא רַבָּא |
| 24 | grace, lovingkindness and compassion, long life | hinna v'ḥisda v'raḥamey v'ḥayye arikhe | חִנָּא וְחִסְדָּא וְרַחֲמֵי וְחַיֵּי אֲרִיכֵי |
| 25 | ample sustenance and salvation | um'zone r'viḥe ufurqana | וּמְזוֹנֵי רְוִיחֵי וּפוְּרְקָנָא |
| 26 | from the Father who is in heaven (and earth); | min qodam avuhon di vishmayya [v'ʼarʻa]e | מִן קֳדָם אֲבוּהוּן דְבִשְׁמַיָּא [וְאַרְעָא] |
| 27 | and say, Amen.a | v'ʼimru amen | וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן |
| All variants but the half kaddish conclude: | |||
| 28 | fMay there be abundant peace from heaven, | Yehe shlama rabba min shmayya | יְהֵא שְׁלָמָה רַבָּא מִן שְׁמַיָּא, |
| 29 | [and] [good] life | [ve]hayyim [tovim] | [וְ]חַיִּים [טוֹבִים] |
| 30 | satisfaction, help, comfort, refuge, | vesava vishuʻa venekhama veshezava | וְשָֹבָע וִישׁוּעָה וְנֶחָמָה וְשֵׁיזָבָה |
| 31 | healing, redemption, forgiveness, atonement, | urfuʼa ugʼulla usliha v'khappara | וּרְפוּאָה וּגְאֻלָּה וּסְלִיחָה וְכַפָּרָה, |
| 32 | relief and salvationd | verevah vehatzala | וְרֵוַח וְהַצָּלָה |
| 33 | for us and for all His people Israel; and say, Amen.a | lanu ulkhol ʻammo yisrael v'ʼimru amen | לָנוּ וּלְכָל עַמּוֹ יִשְֹרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן. |
| 34 | fMay He who makes peace in His high places | ʻoseh shalom bimromav | עוֹשֶֹה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, |
| 35 | grant [in his mercy]g peace for us | hu [berakhamav] yaʻase shalom ʻalenu | הוּא [בְּרַחֲמָיו] יַעֲשֶֹה שָׁלוֹם עָלֵינוּ, |
| 36 | and for all [his nation]h Israel; and say, Amen.a | v'ʻal kol [ammo] yisra'el, v'ʼimru amen | וְעַל כָּל [עַמּוֹ] יִשְֹרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן. |
In the burial kaddishi, lines 2-3 are replaced by:
| # | English translation | Transcription | Aramaic |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37 | In the world which will be renewed | B'ʻal'ma d'hu ʻatid l'ithaddata | בְּעָלְמָא דְהוּא עָתִיד לְאִתְחַדָּתָא |
| 38 | and where He will give life to the dead | ulʼaḥaya metaya | וּלְאַחֲיָאָה מֵתַיָא |
| 39 | and raise them to eternal life | ulʼassaqa yathon l'ḥayye ʻal'ma | וּלְאַסָּקָא יָתְהוֹן לְחַיֵּי עָלְמָא |
| 40 | and rebuild the city of Jerusalem | ul'mivne qarta dirush'lem | וּלְמִבְנֵא קַרְתָּא דִירוּשְׁלֵם |
| 41 | and complete His temple there | uleshakhlala hekhlehh b'gavvah | וּלְשַׁכְלָלָא הֵיכְלֵהּ בְּגַוַּהּ |
| 42 | and uproot foreign worship from the earth | ulmeʻqar pulḥana nukhraʼa m'arʻa | וּלְמֶעְקַר פֻּלְחָנָא נֻכְרָאָה מְאַרְעָא |
| 43 | and restore Heavenly worship to its position | v'laʼatava pulḥana dishmayya l'ʼatreh | וּלַאֲתָבָא פֻּלְחָנָא דִשְׁמַיָּא לְאַתְרֵהּ |
| 44 | and may the Holy One, blessed is He, | v'yamlikh qudsha b'rikh hu | וְיַמְלִיךְ קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא |
| 45 | reign in His sovereign splendour ... | b'malkhuteh viqareh | בְּמַלְכוּתֵהּ וִיקָרֵהּ |
Full Hebrew, translation and transliteration can also be found at the Orthodox Unions.[7]
The Kaddish, as used in the services on special days is chanted. There are different melodies in different Jewish traditions and within each tradition the melody can change according to the version, the day it is said and even the position in the service. The Mourners' Kaddish is never sung and many mourners recite it slowly and contemplatively.
In Sephardi synagogues the whole congregation sits for Kaddish, except:
In Ashkenazi synagogues, the custom varies. Very commonly, in both Orthodox and Reform congregations, everyone stands; but in some (especially many Conservative) synagogues, most of the congregants sit. Sometimes, a distinction is made between the different forms of Kaddish, or each congregant stands or sits according to his or her own custom. The Mourners' Kaddish is often treated differently from the other variations of Kaddish in the service, as is the Half Kaddish before the maftir.
Those standing to recite the Kaddish bow, by widespread tradition, at various places. Generally: At the first word of the prayer, at each Amen, at Yitbarakh, at Brikh hu, and for the last verse (Oseh shalom - which is also the concluding line of the Amidah) take three steps back (if possible) then bow to one's left, then to one's right, and finally bow forward, as if taking leave of the presence of a king.[8]
Some Reform synagogues have dropped all use of Kaddish except the Mourners' Kaddish, though in many there is now a move to reinstate it before Barechu and/or the Amidah.
"Mourners' Kaddish"[9] is said at all prayer services and certain other occasions. It takes the form of Kaddish Yehe Shelama Rabba, and is traditionally recited several times, most prominently at or towards the end of the service, after the Aleinu and/or closing Psalms and/or (on the Sabbath) Ani'im Zemirot. Following the death of a parent, child, spouse, or sibling it is customary to recite the Mourners' Kaddish in the presence of a congregation daily for thirty days, or eleven months in the case of a parent, and then at every anniversary of the death.[10] The "mourner" who says the Kaddish will be any person present at a service who has the obligation to recite Kaddish in accordance with these rules.
Customs for reciting the Mourners' Kaddish vary markedly among various communities. In Sephardi synagogues, the custom is that all the mourners stand and chant the Kaddish together. In Ashkenazi synagogues, the earlier custom was that one mourner be chosen to lead the prayer on behalf of the rest, though most congregations have now adopted the Sephardi custom. In many Reform synagogues, the entire congregation recites the Mourners' Kaddish together. This is sometimes said to be for those victims of the Holocaust who have no one left to recite the Mourner's Kaddish on their behalf. In some congregations (especially Reform and Conservative ones), the Rabbi will read a list of those who have a Yahrzeit on that day (or who have died within the past month), and then ask the congregants to name any people they are mourning for. Some synagogues try to multiply the number of times that the Mourners' Kaddish is recited, for example, reciting a separate Mourners' Kaddish after both Aleinu and then each closing Psalm. Other synagogues limit themselves to one Mourners' Kaddish at the end of the service.
It is important to note that the Mourners' Kaddish does not mention death at all, but instead praises God. Though the Kaddish is often popularly referred to as the "Jewish Prayer for the Dead," that designation more accurately belongs to the prayer called "El Maleh Rahamim", which specifically prays for the soul of the deceased.
The Kaddish has been a particularly common theme and reference point in the arts, including the following:
(Alphabetical by author)
(Alphabetical by creator)
(Chronological)
(Alphabetical by program title)
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